Rabbit growth plate morphology in temporary bilateral blocking / Morfología de la placa de crecimiento de conejos durante bloqueo bilateral temporario

Blocking of the growth plate (GP) using plates with screws (tension band plating) is a modern method used to correct deformities and moderate leg length discrepancy in growing children. Determining the duration of temporary bilateral blocking without the occurrence of irreversible changes of GP is of paramount importance important. Methods: Two-month-old Californian breed male rabbits (n=30) were exposed to bilateral blocking of the distal GP of the right femur locking plates with screws for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. The fixators were removed after 5 and 7 weeks in 18 rabbits and 3 weeks after that, animals were sacri!ced. The contralateral limb was used as a control. Histological, histomorphometric, and X-ray analyses were performed. Results: During GP blocking, its height gradually decreased. This decreased was more pronounced after 7 weeks. Destructive changes progressed with an increase in the blocking duration. Three weeks after discontinuation of the bilateral blocking that lasted 5 weeks, the height of the GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side and 1.9 times on the medial side (p<0.001) compared to the control. When blocking was discontinued after 7 weeks, the structure of the GP was partially restored after 3 weeks, the height of GP signi!cantly increased 1.2 times on the lateral side, and 1.07 times on the medial side (p<0.01) compared to the control. Conclusion: Restoration of the structuralfunctional features of the GP after the removal of the plates depends on the duration of temporary bilateral blocking, which must be taken into account in the clinical setting. (AU)

El bloqueo de la placa de crecimiento (PC) utilizando placas con tornillos (banda de tensión) es un método moderno utilizado para corregir deformidades y alteraciones moderadas en la longitud de las piernas en niños en crecimiento. Es de suma importancia determinar cuál debe ser la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal sin que ocurran cambios irreversibles en la PC. Métodos: Conejos machos de raza californiana de dos meses de edad (n = 30) fueron expuestos al bloqueo bilateral de la PC distal colocando placas del fémur derecho con tornillos durante 3, 5 y 7 semanas. Los fijadores fueron retirados después de 5 y 7 semanas en 18 de los conejos, y 3 semanas después los animales fueron sacrificados. La extremidad contralateral se utilizó como control. Se realizaron análisis histológicos, histomorfométricos y de rayos X. Resultados: Durante el bloqueo de la PC, su altura disminuyó gradualmente. Esta disminución fue más pronunciada después de 7 semanas. Los cambios destructivos se incrementaron a medida aumentaba la duración del bloqueo. Tres semanas después de la interrupción del bloqueo bilateral que duró 5 semanas, la altura de la PC aumentó significativamente 1.2 veces en el lado lateral y 1.9 veces en el lado medial (p <0.001) en comparación con el control. Conclusión: La restauración de las características funcionales estructurales de la PC después de la extracción de las placas depende de la duración del bloqueo bilateral temporal, lo que debería tenerse en cuenta en el tratamiento clínico de estas alteraciones. (AU)

Cefazolin concentration in the mediastinal adipose tissue of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: To measure the concentration of cefazolin in the anterior mediastinal adipose tissue of patients undergoing cardiac surgery, determining the variation of cefazolin concentration. Methods: Two samples of approximately 1g of subcutaneous tissue were collected from 19 patients who underwent surgery in December 2015: the first sample was collected right after sternotomy and the second one, before sternal synthesis with steel wires. Antibiotic dosage was administered through high performance liquid chromatography. Results: We observed a positive and statistically significant correlation between time 1 and cefazolin concentration (r=0.489 and P=0.039). For time 2 and cefazolin concentration, there was a negative and statistically significant correlation between both variables (r=-0.793 and P<0.001). A negative correlation was also observed between body mass index and cefazolin concentration at time 2 (r=-0.510 and P=0.031). The regression model showed that every 1-minute increase in time 1 corresponded to an increase of 0.240 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration, whereas every 1-minute increase in time 2 corresponded to a reduction of 0.046 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration. As for body mass index, every 1 kg/m2 increase corresponded to a reduction of about 0.510 µg/dL in cefazolin concentration. Conclusion: There was a positive and significant correlation between the initial time of surgery and cefazolin level in the first dosage. The evaluation of the second dosage showed a negative and significant correlation between cefazolin level and the second time of dosage. The concentration of cefazolin is under the influence of body mass index.

Uso de stents recobertos no tratamento da coarctação da aorta / Use of covered stents in the treatment of aortic coarctation

Introdução: A ampla variedade morfológica das coarctações da aorta (CoA) e algumas complicações derivadasdo implante de stents convencionais tornam desejáveis a utilizaçào de stents recobertos (SR). Descrevemos aexperiência com o uso de SR para tratar CoA em crianças e adultos. Métodos: Foram revisados, retrospectivamente, os registros dos pacientes nos quais foram utilizados os SR. Os procedimentos foram realizados segundo a técnica consagrada. Foram estudados casos em que os SRforam utilizados como primeiro tratamento e também aqueles realizados em complicações derivadas doprocedimento inicial. Resultados: Entre 2007 e 2014, foram utilizados SR em 14 pacientes, sendo 9 (64,3%) do sexo masculino. A média de idades foi 19,5 ± 10,5 anos, e a média dos pesos, 61,7 ± 25,5 kg. Valva aórtica bicúspide estavapresente em 74% dos casos, e dois apresentaram persistência do canal arterial. Coarctações subatréticasforam encontradas em cinco pacientes. Onze pacientes apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica, e73% normalizaram as cifras tensionais após a dilatação com stents. O implante foi possível em todos os casos. Foram realizados implantes primários em dez (71,4%) pacientes portadores de coarctações nativas e em quatro como segundo dispositivo, para corrigir problemas derivados de procedimentos anteriores. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 51,7 ± 29,8 meses. Três complicações menores estiveram relacionadas aos procedimentos, e não houve registro de óbito. Conclusões: O uso de SR foi seguro e eficaz na nossa pequena série de casos. Mais estudos, enfocando a evolução de longo prazo e a possibilidade de redilatação dos SR, são necessários para corroborar seu uso em crianças.

Background: The wide morphological variety of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) and some complications resulting from the implantation of conventional stents has made the utilization of covered stents (CS) desirable. We describe our experience with the use of CS to treat CoA in children and adults. Methods: The records of patients that received CS were retrospectively reviewed. The procedures were performed according to the established technique. Use of CS as primary treatment were assessed, as well as those deployed due to complications resulting from the initial procedure. Results: Between 2007 and 2014, CS were used in 14 patients, 9 (64.3%) of whom were males. The meanage was 19.5 ± 10.5 years, and the mean weight 61.7 ± 25.5 kg. Bicuspid aortic valve was present in 74% ofcases, and two patients had patent ductus arteriosus. Subatretic aortic coarctations were found in five patients. Eleven patients had systemic arterial hypertension, and 73% had normalized blood pressure levelsafter stent dilation. Implantation was possible in all cases. Primary implants were performed in ten (71.4%)patients with native coarctation and in four patients as a second device to correct problems originating from previous procedures. The mean time of follow-up was 51.7 ± 29.8 months. Three minor complicationswere related to procedures, and there were no deaths. Conclusions: The use of CS was safe and effective in this small case series. Further studies focusing on the long-term evolution and the possibility of CS redilation are needed to support its use in children.

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN BARIATRIC SURGERY: a continuous infusion of cefazolin versus ampicillin/sulbactam and ertapenem / Antibioticoprofilaxia em cirurgia bariátrica: infusão contínua de cefazolina versus ampicilina/sulbactam e ertapenem

Background The incidence of surgical site infection in bariatric patients is significant and the current recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis are sometimes inadequate. Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of three prophylactic antibiotic regimens on the incidence of surgical site infection. Methods A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2009 and January 2013 in which 896 Roux-en-Y gastric bypasses were performed to treat obesity. The study compared three groups of patients according to the perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis administered intravenously and beginning at anesthesia induction: Group I consisting of 194 patients treated with two 3-g doses of ampicillin/sulbactam; Group II with 303 patients treated with a single 1-g dose of ertapenem; and Group III with 399 patients treated with a 2-g dose of cefazolin at anesthesia induction followed by a continuous infusion of cefazolin 1g throughout the surgical procedure. The rate of surgical site infection was analyzed, as well as its association with age, sex, preoperative weight, body mass index and comorbidities. Results The rates of surgical site infection were 4.16% in the group treated prophylactically with ampicillin/sulbactam, 1.98% in the ertapenem group and 1.55% in the continuous cefazolin group. Conclusion The prophylactic use of continuous cefazolin in surgeries for morbid obesity shows very promising results. These findings suggest that some prophylactic regimens need to be reconsidered and even substituted by more effective therapies for the prevention of surgical site infections in bariatric patients. .

Contexto A incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes bariátricos é significativa e as recomendações atuais para a profilaxia antibiótica são por vezes inadequadas. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito de três esquemas de antibióticos profiláticos sobre a incidência de infecção de sítio cirúrgico. Método Estudo prospectivo, transversal, foi realizado entre janeiro de 2009 e janeiro de 2013, em que 896 derivações gástricas em Y de Roux foram realizadas para tratar a obesidade. O estudo comparou três grupos de pacientes de acordo com a profilaxia antibiótica administrada no perioperatória por via intravenosa, iniciada na indução anestésica: Grupo I constituído de 194 pacientes tratados com duas doses de 3 g de ampicilina/sulbactam; Grupo II com 303 pacientes tratados com uma única dose de 1 g de ertapenem; e Grupo III com 399 pacientes tratados com uma dose de 2 g de cefazolina no momento da indução da anestésica seguida de uma infusão contínua de cefazolina 1 g durante o procedimento cirúrgico. A taxa de infecção de sítio cirúrgico foi analisada, bem como a sua associação com a idade, sexo, peso pré-operatório, o índice de massa corporal e comorbidades. Resultados As taxas de infecção do sítio cirúrgico foram de 4,16% no grupo tratado profilaticamente com ampicilina/sulbactam, 1,98% no grupo de ertapenem e 1,55% no grupo de cefazolina contínua. Conclusão O uso profilático de cefazolina contínua em cirurgias para obesidade mórbida apresenta resultados muito promissores. Estes resultados sugerem que alguns regimes profiláticos precisam ser reconsiderados e até mesmo substituídos por terapias mais eficazes para a prevenção de infecções de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes bariátricos. .

Implante de marcapasso cardíaco definitivo em paciente com síndrome bradicardia-taquicardia, transplantado renal e com persistência de veia cava superior esquerda / Pacemaker implantation in a patient with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome, kidney transplantation and persitent left superior vena cava

A persistência da veia cava superior esquerda é rara, principalmente quando associada a ausência da veiacava superior direita, e mais ainda quando associada a síndrome bradicardia-taquicardia. Relata-se o caso em queo diagnóstico dessa anomalia venosa foi feito durante o implante de marcapasso cardíaco artificial definitivo paratratamento de síndrome bradicardia-taquicardia. O paciente havia sido submetido a transplante renal e apresentavafunção renal limítrofe, razão pela qual se optou por não utilizar contraste para realização de venografia, dandopreferência à análise do trajeto do fio guia.

Persistent left superior vena cava is a rare anomaly, mainly when associated with absent right superiorvena cava, especially when associated with bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. We report the case of a patient,whose diagnosis of venous anomaly was made during definitive artificial pacemaker implantation for treatment ofbradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. The patient had been submitted to a kidney transplantation and had borderlinerenal function, and therefore we chose not to use a guidewire instead of contrast media to perform venography.

Eficacia del antibiótico profilaxis con espectro extendido: cefazolina más azitromicina en comparación con cefazolina para reducir las infecciones puerperales en pacientes sometidas a cesárea en el Hospital San Bartolomé - Diciembre 2010 a Mayo 2011 / Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis with extended-spectrum: cefazolin more azithromycin compared with cefazolin to reduce puerperal infections in patients submitted caesarean section at the Hospital San Bartolome - December 2010 to May 2011

Objetivos: Determinar si el uso de Cefazolina más azitromicina es más eficaz que Cefazolina para reducir las tasas de infección puerperal, incluyendo endometritis e infección de herida operatoria en pacientes sometidas a cesárea de emergencia en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé en el periodo diciembre 2010 a mayo 2011. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte donde 92 pacientes recibieron doble antibiótico, (azitromicina 1 gr vo. + Cefazolina 1 g ev.), y 91 pacientes la terapia estándar de la institución (1g Cefazolina ev.). Se recopilaron los datos relevantes al alta de los pacientes en una ficha creada para tal fin; siendo estos posteriormente procesados con ayuda del programa SPSS 20.0. Resultados: la tasa de fiebre puerperal con doble antibiótico fue de 6.5 por ciento vs. 14.3 por ciento en el grupo control (p=0.085); la endometritis puerperal ocurrió en 4.34 por ciento vs. 9.89 por ciento (p=0.09); la infección de herida operatoria, ocurrió en un 2.17 por ciento vs. 3.29 por ciento, p=0.38 estas diferencias carecen de significación estadística. Conclusiones: el uso de azitromicina mas Cefazolina como profilaxis antibiótica para cesáreas de emergencia no. parece reducir de manera significativa las tasas de infección puerperal.

Prevenção da doença perinatal pelo estreptococo do grupo B: atualização baseada em algoritmos / Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: algorithm-based update

A infecção pelo estreptococo β-hemolítico do grupo B (EGB) ou Streptococcus agalactiae persiste como uma causa líder de morbimortalidade perinatal. A antibioticoprofilaxia da infecção pelo EGB, baseada no rastreio universal em gestações de 35 a 37 semanas, é mais efetiva do que a estratégia baseada em fatores de risco. A seleção do antibiótico deve se basear na suscetibilidade da cepa do EGB e na história materna de alergia ao medicamento. A penicilina G, administrada por via endovenosa (≥4 horas), continua sendo a droga de escolha para a profilaxia intraparto, enquanto a ampicilina é uma alternativa aceitável. A cefazolina é recomendada para gestantes alérgicas à penicilina, as quais apresentam baixo risco de anafilaxia, enquanto a clindamicina e a eritromicina são indicadas para os casos com alto risco de anafilaxia. A vancomicina deve ser utilizada nas gestantes alérgicas à penicilina, quando houver resistência à clindamicina e à eritromicina ou quando a sensibilidade a essas drogas for desconhecida. No entanto, devido à persistência da morbimortalidade perinatal e ao surgimento de novos dados relevantes nas áreas de epidemiologia, obstetrícia, neonatologia, microbiologia, biologia molecular e farmacologia, em 2010, o Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publicou uma terceira revisão das suas diretrizes sobre a doença causada pelo EGB. Este artigo de atualização propõe-se a divulgar de forma comentada e sintética, baseada prioritariamente em algoritmos, as recentes diretrizes do CDC sobre o tema

Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae remains as a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The antibiotic prophylaxis of GBS infection, based on universal screening in pregnancies from 35 to 37 weeks, is more effective than a strategy based on risk factors. The choice of antibiotic should be based on the susceptibility of the strain of GBS and on the maternal history of allergy to the medicine. Penicillin G, administered intravenously (≥4 hours), remains the drug of choice for intrapartum prophylaxis, while ampicillin is an acceptable alternative. Cefazolin is recommended for pregnant women allergic to penicillin, who present low risk of anaphylaxis, while clindamycin and erythromycin are recommended for cases with high risk of anaphylaxis. Vancomycin should be used in pregnant women allergic to penicillin when there is resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, or the sensitivity to these drugs is unknown. However, due to the persistence of perinatal morbidity and mortality and the emergence of new relevant data in the s of epidemiology, obstetrics, neonatology, microbiology, molecular biology and pharmacology, in 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a third revision of the guidelines disease caused by GBS. This update article aims at disseminating the synthetic form - primarily based on algorithms - and commenting on these recent CDC guidelines

Experiência inicial com novo amplatzer TM cardiac plug para oclusão percutânea do apêndice atrial esquerdo / Initial experience with the new amplatzer TM cardiac plug for percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage

Introdução: A formação de trombos no apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) constitui a principal causa de fenômenos tromboembólicos em pacientes com fibrilação atrial (FA). A anticoagulação oral é considerada terapia de primeira linha na prevenção de tromboembolismo associado à FA. Apesar de comprovada eficácia, a terapia com anticoagulantes orais está associada a inúmeras limitações. A oclusão percutânea do AAE surgiu como uma nova estratégia para prevenção de acidentes vasculares cerebrais em pacientes com FA considerados de alto risco e não candidatos a tratamento com anticoagulantes. Métodos: Relatamos a experiência inicial da oclusão percutânea do AAE utilizando o novo dispositivo AmplatzerTM Cardiac Plug (ACP – AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, Estados Unidos) em pacientes com FA e escore CHADS2 > 2, não elegíveis à terapêutica com anticoagulantes. Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral e monitoração por ecocardiografia transesofágica tridimensional em tempo real. Resultados: Três pacientes do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 79 anos e escores CHADS2 2, 3 e 5, foram submetidos a implante do dispositivo por via transeptal sem complicações, resultando em oclusão imediata do AAE e alta hospitalar após dois dias. No seguimento de 50 dias, todos os pacientes se apresentavam bem clinicamente e a ecocardiografia transtorácica confirmou oclusão total do AAE e ausência de complicações. Conclusões: A oclusão percutânea do AAE com ACP parece ser uma alternativa terapêutica atrativa na prevenção de eventos tromboembólicos em pacientes com FA e contraindicações ou limitações para anticoagulação oral.

Background: Thrombus formation in the left atrial appendage (LAA) is the main cause of thromboembolic events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). Oral anticoagulantsare considered first-line therapy for stroke prevention in AF patients. Despite its proven efficacy, long-term oral anticoagulation is associated to innumerous limitations. PercutaneousLAA closure has emerged as a new strategy for stroke prevention in high risk AF patients who are not candidatesfor long term oral anticoagulation therapy. Methods: We report the initial experience with percutaneous occlusionof the LAA using the new AmplatzerTM Cardiac Plug (ACP – AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, USA) in patients withAF and CHADS2 score > 2 who were not eligible for anticoagulation therapy. Procedures were carried out undergeneral anesthesia and 3D transesophageal echocardiographymonitoring in real time. Results: Three male patients, mean age of 79 years and CHADS2 2, 3 and 5 scores had thedevice successfully implanted using a transeptal approach with no complications, resulting in immediate LAA occlusion and hospital discharge two days later. At the 50-day followup,all patients were clinically well with complete LAA occlusion and no complications at transthoracic echocardiography. Conclusions: Percutaneous LAA occlusion with thenew ACP seems to be an attractive alternative to prevent thromboembolic events in patients with AF and contraindications or limitations for anticoagulation therapy.

A antibioticoprofilaxia nos diferentes tipos de parto / Antibiotic prophylaxis in different types of delivery

A antibioticoprofilaxia durante o ciclo gravídico-puerperal é claramente distinta do uso de antibióticos para tratamento de infecções estabelecidas e, frequentemente, é prescrita em bases empíricas. Devido ao uso disseminado dos antibióticos e à emergência de cepas resistentes, associada ao aumento da virulência bacteriana, os autores realizaram uma revisão sistemática com o objetivo de analisar as indicações da profilaxia antibiótica nos diferentes tipos de parto

The use of prophylactic antibiotics during pregnancy and the puerperium is clearly different from the use of antibiotics in the treatment of established infections and is frequently prescribed on empiric basis. Because of the widespread use of antibiotics and the emergence of resistant strains of common bacteria, associated with the increased bacterial virulence, the authors carried out a systematic review in order to analyze the administration of prophylactic antibiotics in different types of delivery

Successful control program to implement the appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: Describe implementation of a successful program to reduce doses (cefazolin 2 to 1 g) used for antimicrobial prophylaxis. METHODS: Evaluation of an intervention program to reduce prophylactic antimicrobial doses. The intervention included weekly staff discussions, automatic dispensation of 1g-vial of cefazolin by the pharmacy unless expressly requested by surgeon and increase in post-discharge surveillance as a strategy to reassure surgeons of the safety of the reduction. In the pre and post intervention periods, a prospective study of antimicrobial consumption and surgical site infections were measured. RESULTS: There were 5,164 and 5,204 deliveries in 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, respectively; 1,524 (29.5 percent) and 1,363 (26 percent) were cesarean sections. There was a 45 percent decrease in cefazolin vials used on average per cesarean section (2.29 to 1.25). Patients evaluated increased from 16 percent to 67 percent and the SSI rates in both periods were 3.34 percent to 2.42 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: An ample intervention, including administrative and educational measures, led to high compliance with dose reduction and saved more than US$4,000 in cefazolin, considered important because government reimbursement in Brazil for cesarean section is $80.

OBJETIVO: descrever a implantação de um programa de redução de doses usadas para profilaxia antimicrobiana em cesárea. MÉTODOS: Descrição a implantação de um programa de redução de profilaxia com cefazolina de 2 g para 1 g através de discussões semanais com profissionais, dispensação automática de frascos de 1 g de cefazolina pela farmácia exceto quando feito pedido expresso pelo cirurgião. Houve um trabalho para aumentar a vigilância pós alta, com o objetivo de tranquilizar os cirurgiões quanto à segurança da nova dose. Foi realizada uma avaliação prospectiva, antes e depois da implantação do programa, do consumo de cefazolina e das taxas de infecção obtidas por vigilância durante a hospitalização e após a alta. RESULTADOS: Houve 5.164 e 5.204 partos em 2001-2 e 2003-4, respectivamente, sendo que 1.524 (29,5 por cento) e 1.363 (26 por cento) foram cesáreas. Houve uma queda de consumo de frascos de cefazolina de 45 por cento (2,29 para 1,25 por cesárea). O número de pacientes avaliados para infecção hospitalar aumentou de 16 por cento para 67 por cento, e as taxas de infecção foram 3,34 por cento e 2,42 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Uma intervenção ampla, que incluiu medidas administrativas e educacionais, levou a uma alta adesão ao programa de redução de dose profilática em cesárea e permitiu uma economia acima de US$ 4.000 apenas considerando custos com cefazolina. Esta pode ser considerada importante especialmente porque o reembolso do SUS para parto cesárea é aproximadamente US$ 80.

Cefazolin induced seizures in hemodialysis patients.

Cephalosporins are epileptogenic drugs, especially when excessive dosages are used or when the drugs are used in patients with decreased renal clearance. The present case report showed that a chronic kidney patient receiving hemodialysis developed generalized tonic clonic seizures when an inappropriate high dose cefazolin was given. Cefazolin 2 g iv q 8 h was given for 25 days continuously to treat fever of unknown origin in a patient who was a severe renal impairment patient. In a severe renal impairment patient, the maintenance dose of cefazolin should be reduced by half and the interval for administration should be extended to 24 h. Even though hemodialysis could remove cefazolin from the blood circulation, in the presented case the very high dose of cefazolin given was far beyond the ability of hemodialysis to clear the drug. The accumulation ofcefazolin, therefore, induced three episodes of seizures on days 14, 21 and 25. More precaution should be taken when prescribing medication to a patient with predisposing factors.

Uso de antibióticos en pacientes sometidos a apendidectomía: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: enero de 2001 diciembre de 2004 / Use of antibiotics in patients undergoing appendicectomy: Hospital Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz: january 2001-december 2004

Los antibióticos (ATB) previenen las complicaciones infecciosas post-apendicectomías. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de 220 casos de apendicectomías en el Hospital "Dr. Patrocinio Peñuela Ruíz" desde enero 2001 a diciembre 2004, cuyo objetivo fue determinar el tipo de ATB momento de colocación, duración y coincidencia preoperatoria (ATB-pre) y postoperatoria (ATB-post). El ATB-pre fue administrado un 62,73 por ciento; 2 horas antes de cirugía 48,92 por ciento. El 99,55 por ciento recibió ATB-post durante 3,31 días en promedio. La cefazolina fue el ATB-pre (34,78 por ciento) y ATB-post (16,82 por ciento) mas frecuente. En el 36,96 por ciento coincidieron ATB-pre y ATB-post, el 34,05 por ciento aumento y un 28,26 por ciento cambio totalmente el ATB-post.

Clinical evaluation of ophthalmic lomefloxacin 0.3% in comparison with fortified cefazolin and gentamicin ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of presumed bacterial keratitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.3% lomefloxacin single agent solution, by comparing to a combination of fortified ophthalmic solutions of cefazolin sodium 50 mg/ml and gentamicin sulfate 14 mg/ml, in the treatment of acute bacterial keratitis. DESIGN: Prospective, double-masked, randomized comparative trial. METHOD: Forty patients with clinical diagnosis of any grade of severity of acute bacterial keratitis were randomized into 2 treatment groups: 20 to fortified cefazolin-gentamicin group, and 20 to lomefloxacin-normal saline group. The dosing of the drugs were scheduled for both treatment groups as follows: 1 drop of each solution was alternately instilled every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes (as loading dose), then 1 drop with 5-minute interval between 2 bottles instilled hourly for day 1-3, tapering to every 2 hours on day 4-6, and every 4 hours on day 7-14. After day 14, dosing discretion was clinically adjusted, based on the clinical condition and finally discontinued after complete healing. Corneal scraping for cultures was obtained before starting the treatment. Ocular symptoms and signs, time to heal and adverse reactions were evaluated and compared between the 2 groups on day 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28. RESULTS: No clinically or statistically significant difference were noted between two treatment groups, regarding demographic, symptoms and signs associated with bacterial keratitis. Positive results of bacterial corneal cultures were obtained in 27.5%. There was no statistically significant difference in time to complete re-epithelialization in all types of bacterial keratitis (P=0.251). By day 7, the keratitis was healed: 44% in lomefloxacin group, and 33% in fortified antibiotic group. Both study medications were well-tolerated, with no incidence of reported adverse event. CONCLUSION: In this study, eventhough there is no statistically significant difference of symptoms and signs between the two study groups at any study visit, we found clinical improvement in all patients in lomefloxacin group. So, lomefloxacin may be used as an alternative to standard treatment in acute bacterial keratitis.

Estudio comparativo prospectivo aleatorio de antibióticos en resección transuretral de próstata / Comparative prospective randomized study of antibiotics in transurethral resection of the prostate

Comparar las complicaciones infecciosas con el uso de 2 esquemas antibióticos en resección transuretral de próstata (RTU-P) de pacientes con bajo riesgo, de modo de reducir el uso de antibióticos en este tipo de pacientes. Secundariamente, intentar ponderar la influencia de los antecedentes clínicos, hallazgos y complicaciones intraoperatorias y evolución postoperatoria en el desarrollo de dichas complicaciones. Se diseñó un estudio comparativo, prospectivo, aleatorio, abierto de 95 pacientes con orina estéril, no usuarios de sonda uretrovesical, sometidos a RTU-P en el plazo de 1 año. El grupo 1 recibió una modificación del esquema antibiótico mayormente utilizado hasta la fecha, consistente en cefazolina 1 gr IV preoperatorio y cada 8 h durante el primer día (3 dosis), seguido de ciprofloxacino 250 mg VO, cada 12 h, hasta el retiro de la sonda uretrovesical (dosis terapéutica). El grupo 2 recibió cefazolina 1 g IV preoperatorio y a las 8 h postoperatorias (2 dosis), seguido de nitrofurantoína, 100 mg VO en la noche, hasta el retiro de la sonda uretrovesical (dosis profiláctica). Se excluyeron 5 pacientes del análisis después de la distribución aleatoria (5,3'porciento) y no hubo pérdidas en el seguimiento. Se analizan 90 pacientes, 45 en cada grupo, los cuales fueron comparables en sus características clínicas, parámetros quirúrgicos, parámetros postoperatorios y complicaciones. Se presentó fiebre (temperatura axilar igual o mayor a 37,5 °C) en el 2 porciento del grupo 1 y en el 11 porciento del grupo 2 (p=0,091). Se presentó bacteriuria postoperatoria (recuento > 100.000 UFC por mL) precoz o tardía en el 2 porciento del grupo 1 y en el 13 porciento del grupo 2 (p=0,049). Esto, posiblemente, se debió al espectro de acción y dosis de los antimicrobianos utilizados. La fiebre estuvo relacionada estadísticamente con la infección urinaria postoperatoria.

Profilaxis antibiótica posterior a RTU de próstata: estudio comparativo de casos y controles / Prophylactic antibiotics in transurethral prostatic resection: comparative case-control study

Este trabajo muestra un estudio comparativo de dos grupos de pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral de próstata. En el primer grupo (n=31), se usó profilaxis con cefazolina 1g ev, una hora antes de la cirugía. En el segundo grupo (n=32), se agregó ciprofloxacino, 500 mg cada 12 horas, por 4 días. En el primer grupo, la incidencia de infección urinaria fue de 19 porciento. En el segundo grupo no hubo infección. Esta diferencia fue significativa (p=0,01). El uso de antibióticos post cirugía es altamente efectivo en prevenir la infección urinaria.

Reparación de hernias incisionales grandes con malla supraaponeurótica / Repair of big incisional hernias with supraaponeurotic mesh

Se presentan 17 enfermos intervenidos en el Hospital Universitario ôComandante Manuel Fajardoö durante 1996 al 2000, con hernias incisionales grandes reproducidas en más de una ocasión, con reparación mediante mallas de polipropileno o poliéster en posición prefascial o supraaponeurótica. En nuestra serie todos los enfermos habían sufrido al menos 2 intervenciones anteriores, 5 casos habían sido operados 4 veces y 1 en 7 ocasiones. En todos los casos se realizó una cuidadosa preparación preoperatoria que incluyó la preparación local de la piel y el restablecimiento de la capacidad toracoabdominal mediante neumoperitoneos, lo que hizo posible el afrontamiento fascia a fascia sin tensión. Los anillos herniarios midieron más de 10 cm, con promedio de 16. En todos los casos se utilizó la cefasolina como antibiótico profiláctico y no se produjo sepsis de la herida. No ocurrió recidiva herniaria, con un seguimiento promedio de 39,6 meses. No existieron hasta el momento manifestaciones de rechazo atribuibles al material protésico. No se reportaron complicaciones inmediatas como seroma o hematoma de la herida quirúrgica, al haberse colocado en todos los casos drenaje de la zona quirúrgica(AU)

17 patients that underwent surgery at Comandante Manuel Fajardo Teaching Hospital, from 1996 to 2000, with big incisional hernias reproduced in more than one ocassion, and with repair by polypropylene or polyester meshes in prefascial or supraaponeurotic position, were presented. In our series, all the patients had undergone at least 2 previous operations. 5 cases had been operated on 4 times and 1,7 ocassions. In all cases, a careful preoperative arrangement was made that included the local preparation of the skin and the reestablishment of the thoracoabdominal capacity by pneumoperitonea, which made possible the fascia to fascia facing without tension. The hernial rings measured more than 10 cm, with an average of 16. Cefazolin was used as a prophylactic antibiotic in all cases. There was no wound sepsis. No hernial relapse was observed with an average follow-up of 39.6 months. There have been no manifestations of rejection to the prosthetic material up to now. No immediate complications as seroma or hematoma of the surgical wound were reported, since a drainage was placed in the surgical zone in all cases(AU)

Nocardia Asteroides keratitis: report of seven patients and literature review.

PURPOSE: To describe clinical features and treatment outcomes in patients with advanced Nocardia asteroides keratitis. METHODS: Retrospective review of case records of 7 patients with culture-proven Nocardia keratitis. RESULTS: Corneal infection occurred after corneal trauma in two patients, cataract surgery in three patients, penetrating keratoplasty in one patient and was associated with a silicone buckle element infection in one patient. Mean duration of infection at presentation was 33.4 days (7-75 days), and five patients had received prior treatment with corticosteroids. Six of seven patients had deep corneal suppuration at the time of presentation, clinically suggestive of mycotic keratitis. In two patients who had received prolonged corticosteroid therapy (> or = 45 days), the eyes could not be salvaged. Complete resolution of infection was achieved in all 4 eyes treated with topical fortified cefazolin eye drops (50 mg/ml).

Profilaxis antimicrobiana en cesárea segmentaria / Prophylactic antimicrobial in cesarean segmentary

Este trabajo comparó la eficacia global y el costo de dos regímenes profilácticos en cesárea segmentaria de 110 pacientes distribuidas en dos grupos iguales. El grupo 1 recibió cefazolina sódica en dosis intraoperatoria única, mientras que el grupo 2 fue tratado con penicilina cristalina y amikacina, administradas durante el postoperatorio, hasta su egreso (dos días en promedio). No hubo diferencias integrupales significativas en relación con el diagnóstico preoperatorío, caracteristicas personales y procedencia de las pacientes, así como aspectos obstétricos, criterios de repetición de cesárea y aparición de infección. El empleo de una dosis antimicrobiana única mostró ventajas en cuanto a la organización del personal de enfermería, reducción de costos de farmacia y comodidad de la paciente

Desfibrilador implantable en el manejo de taquiarritmias ventriculares malignas: experiencia del Centro Nacional de Arritmias / Implantable defibrillators in the management of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias

Background: Implantable defibrillators are the most effective means to prevent sudden death in patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. The availability of this type of devices is limited in Chile, due to their high price. Aim: To report the first patients treated with implantable defibrillators in our hospital. Patients and methods: Nine males and one female aged 13 to 65 years old are reported. Three presented with ventricular fibrillation (presenting out of the hospital in three) and the rest had ventricular tachycardia resistant to drugs or radiofrequency ablation. Results: All implantswere performed using intracardiac electrodes. The generator was implanted in the pectoral region in nine and in the abdomen in one. A successful defibrillation was obtained with less than 15 J in four patients, with 20 J in three and with 24 J in three. There were no complications during the procedure. After a 12 months follow up, four patients have been treated by the implantable device. One of these subjects had a ventricular fibrillation in two occasions. One patient died of a bronchopneumonia two years after the implant. Conclusions: Implantable defibrillators are an effective therapy for the treatment of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with a high risk of sudden death

Estudio experimental comparativo de tres vías de aplicación de la cefazolina en las endoftalmitis bacterianas del conejo / Experimental compartive study of three ways application of cephazoline in bacterial endophtalmitis of the rabbit

Tradicionalmente las endoftalmitis bacterianas han sido tratadas con base en antibioticos tópicos y sistémicos. En la mayoría de los casos, la administración de antibióticos sistémicos no es inocua pues produce insuficiencia renal, ototoxidad, enterocolitis membranosa, diátesis hemorrágicas, problemas anafilácticos, etcétera. En numerosos estudios se ha demostrado que los antibióticos aplicados sistémicamente no alcanzan concentraciones adecuadas a nivel intraocular, por lo cual no es conveniente su aplicación en los casos de endoftalmitis exógenas bacterianas cuando no exista peligro de diseminación sistémica. Material y método. A 30 conejos albinos se les inoculó Staphylococcus aureus coagulasa positiva en el vítreo. Se hicieron tres grupos de 10 conejos. Al primer grupo se le aplicó cefazolina por vía sistémica, el segundo cefazolina intravítrea y al tercero cefazolina tanto por vía sistémica como intravítrea. Los conejos fueron sacrificados a las 72 horas y se realizó el estudio macro y microscópico de los globos oculares. Resultados. Se demostró que la administración del antibiótico por vía sistémica es inútil y su empleo en combinación con vía intravítrea es innecesario. Conclusión. Se comprobó la utilidad de la administración del antibiótico por vía intravítrea